Alternative Titles: Boer Great Trek, Groot Trek Great Trek, Afrikaans Groot Trek, the emigration of some 12,000 to 14,000 Boers from Cape Colony in South Africa between 1835 and the early 1840s, in rebellion against the policies of the British government and in search of fresh pasturelands. For the most part, modern Afrikaners have descended from this group. Europeans first inhabited South Africa in 1652 when the Dutch East India Company sent out a ship to establish a supply depot to service its trading vessels passing the Cape of Good Hope. After gold was discovered in the South African Republic in 1886, the British wanted the area under their control. The British officially took control of the Cape in 1806, during the Napoleonic Wars, to prevent it from being occupied by their French enemies. This is the brief history of the Boers. The Boers eventually moved beyond the Orange and Vaal rivers and established the Orange Free State and the South African Republic. The word Boer literally means farmerin Dutch, indicating the primary occupation of most settlers of the period. Commercial re-use may be allowed on request. Some of these Dutchmen became farmers and gradually expanded into the hinterlands to the north and east. Following the custom of their forefathers, the Boers believed a farm should be at least 2400 ha in area. Apartheid: A Just War for Demographic Survival of Boer Afrikaners. By 1890, South Africa was the largest producer of gold in the world, employing thousands of African and European people, and bringing prosperity to the Boer republics. South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. Supported by the Orange Free State and some of the Cape Dutch, the South African Republic waged battle against the British Empire for more than two years. Only the realization that, as a population, Europeans were vastly outnumbered by the Black population of South Africa, prevented the British from exterminating the Boers. The word "boer" means "farmer" in Dutch. The term Boer refers to the first white settlers to inhabit southern Africa in the 17th century, and establish the Cape Colony. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Boer-people, Boer - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Boer - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Corrections? The Argentinian Boers left South Africa before the language was formalised. Most scholars prefer to call the war of 1899-1902 the South African War, thereby acknowledging that all South Africans, white and black, were … We have 5 biographies, 3 articles, related to South African 'Boer' War. Though brilliant practitioners of guerrilla warfare, the Boers eventually surrendered to British forces in 1902, thus ending the independent existence of the Boer republics. Though at first accepting of the new colonial administration, the Boers soon grew disgruntled with the liberal policies of the British, especially in regard to the frontier and the freeing of slaves. Meet the NZHistory team. Please Click On YouTube Notification Bell Next To Subscribe Button To Be Notified Of New Russia Insight Videos! Faced with these unprofitable conflicts, the British temporarily withdrew from the southern African interior, and the Transvaal and Orange Free State, By the end of the 18th century, Cape settlers—called, …and separateness increased among the Afrikaners after the war and strengthened their tendency to exclude nonwhites from the cultural and political life of the dominant society. The term Boer, derived from the Afrikaans word for farmer, was used to describe the people in southern Africa who traced their ancestry to Dutch, German and French Huguenot settlers who arrived in the Cape of Good Hope from 1652. Staunch Calvinists, they saw themselves as the children of God in the wilderness, a Christian elect divinely ordained to rule the land and the backward natives therein. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Nomads travel from place to place in search of food. The Boer republics were sparsely populated and most farming communities lived in isolation, linked to each other only by crude wagon trails. Further problems arose when the British made English the official language of the law courts, replacing Afrikaans. What was South Africa called before 1652? New Zealand at War Updates? Later, as more … Over time the Boers developed their own language, Afrikaans. Other nations were part of the Second Boer War. Page 3. This migration of more than 10,000 Boers became known as the Great Trek. The house itself would often be built from clay and usually consisted of two modestly furnished rooms. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars, Holland was allied with the French, and the area was invaded and annexed by Great Britain. South African 'Boer' War No longer wishing to live under British rule and vulnerable to attack by neighbouring African tribes, many Boers began to move north. It soon became apparent to the Boers that beyond the Western Cape and Boland regions, the terrain of South Africa was unsuitable for intensive agriculture but very suitable for cattle farming. Part 1. Home Le 31 mai 1910, huit ans après la fin de la Seconde guerre des Boers et après quatre ans de négociations, le South Africa Act accorde l'indépendance nominale, en créant l'union d'Afrique du Sud. Australia and India fought on the side of the British, while Germany, Sweden, and the Netherlands fought on the side of the Boers. The devastation of both Boer and black African populations in the concentration camps and through war and exile were to have a lasting effect on the demography and quality of life in the region. Omissions? BRITISH, BOER, XHOSA, AND ZULU WARS These new republics committed themselves to apartheid, a policy of strict segregation and discrimination. Afrikaners in the early 21st century made up about 60 percent of the white population of South Africa, approximately 2,600,000 people. By the end of the 18th century the cultural links between the Boers and their urban counterparts were diminishing, although both groups continued to speak Afrikaans, a language that had evolved from the admixture of Dutch, indigenous African, and other languages. 1 talking about this. The British attempted to force the Boers to change their way of life. The Boers were people who settled in the Transvaal region of South Africa in the 17th century. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... South Africa: Attempts at Boer consolidation. The SA government decided around 1874 to make up its own coins and called it the “Burgers Pond”. French Protestants, German mercenaries, and other Europeans joined the Dutch in South Africa. Their dislike of uitlanders (outlanders), as they called foreigners, was driven by concern that their culture and religion would be undermined by outside influences. In fact, it was a homeland for the nomadic Bantu people. The Boers had founded two independent South African republics (the Orange Free State and the South African Republic) and had a long history of distrust and dislike for the British that surrounded them. The Boers were part of a larger group of white South Africans called Afrikaners. When it is carried on by methods of barbarism in South Africa. Achetez neuf ou d'occasion Many of these farmers settled in the fertile lands around Cape Town and used slaves, some of whom were brought in from other Dutch territories, to work their farms. Stopping the Genocide of the Christian Boers from South Africa. The term Boer , derived from the Afrikaans word for farmer, was used to describe the people in southern Africa who traced their ancestry to Dutch, German and French Huguenot settlers who arrived in the Cape of Good Hope from 1652. The Cape Colony became a British possession in 1806 as a result of the Napoleonic wars. All non-text content is subject to specific conditions. To resist the influence of the British, the Boers left the Cape colony. By this, I mean that the British realised that for racial domination to be viable, they would need to forge an alliance with the Boers – hence the generous terms of the Treaty of Vereeniging. The term Boer, derived from the Afrikaans word for farmer, was used to describe the people in southern Africa who traced their ancestry to Dutch, German and French Huguenot settlers who arrived in the Cape of Good Hope from 1652. The Dutch colony prospered to the extent that the Cape Town market for agricultural produce became glutted. The conflict had its origins in British claims of suzerainty over the wealthy South African Republic and in British concern over the Boer refusal to grant civic rights to the so-called Uitlanders (immigrants, largely British, to the Transvaal gold fields and diamond fields). Meredith, a prolific writer about African (mostly post-colonial) history, covers southern Africa from the discovery of diamonds through to 1910 and the Union of South Africa - and so packs in a fasinating chunk of events and people - diamond and gold rushes, Zulu and Boer wars, Cecil Rhodes and Paul Kruger. Faced with these unprofitable conflicts, the British temporarily withdrew from the southern African interior, and the Transvaal and Orange... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Slavery moves towards South Africa’s interior. Boer, (Dutch: “husbandman,” or “farmer”), a South African of Dutch, German, or Huguenot descent, especially one of the early settlers of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. Calvinist Protestantism played an integral part in Boer identity and the Bible was the most important book in every household. Between 1835 and 1843 about 12,000 Boers left the Cape in the Great Trek, heading for the relatively rural spaces of the high veld and southern Natal. Les Boers (de l'afrikaans « boer », [buːɾ]1, signifiant « paysan », pluriel « Boere ») sont les pionniers blancs d'Afrique du Sud, originaires, pour la plupart, des régions néerlandophones d'Europe , des provinces indépendantes du nord, alors appelées Provinces-Unies (actuels Pays-Bas), mais venant aussi d'Allemagne et de France. 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Many exiles and prisoners were unable to return to their farms at all; others a… In 1652, Dutch emigrants first settled in South Africa near the Cape of Good Hope to establish a station where ships traveling to the Dutch East Indies (currently Indonesia) could rest and resupply. The Boers' inability to subdue Sekhukhune and the Pedi led to the departure of Burgers in favour of Paul Kruger and the British annexation of the South African Republic on 12 April 1877 by Theophilus Shepstone, secretary for native affairs of Natal. The Cape Colony, still under British rule, was no longer the strongest region in southern Africa. In 1652 the Dutch East India Company charged Jan van Riebeeck with establishing a shipping station on the Cape of Good Hope. Where did the Boers of South Africa come from? South Africa was populated by White and Black settlers. In 1834 they abolished slavery, an act the Boers resented because they believed (as did many others of European descent) that God had established a hierarchy of being in which white Christians were superior to people of indigenous races. The trend toward separate schools for linguistic and racial groups became a rigid practice in most of South Africa after union.…. This evolved from Dutch but also contained Malay and Portuguese Creole words. ‘Boer’ is the Dutch and Afrikaans noun for ‘farmer’ and also denotes the descendants of the then-Dutch-speaking settlers in southern Africa during the 18th and 19th centuries. These people were predominantly of Dutch, French, and German origin. The Boers were Dutch settlers who colonized several regions in what is today South Africa. Editorial note: This is Part 2 of an article that appeared in TOO in 2011 and, relevant to the current program of dispossessing White farmers, gives some of the background of the crisis faced by the Boers whose origins in South Africa date to 1652. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. This site is produced by the Research and Publishing Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Manatū Taonga. Afrikaans terms related to the South African War include: Boer – farmer of Dutch, German or French Huguenot descentkommando – militiamankopje – low hilllaager – campspruit – streamuitlander – outlander; non-Boer residentveldt – open plains. The colony was administered by the Dutch East India Company for nearly 150 years. In the 1830s when a group of around 12 000 Boers moved inland to form the South African Republic and Orange Free State, a new currency was on the horizon. Between 1835 and 1845, approximately 14,000 Boers left the Cape in a movement called the Great Trek. The term "Boer" is used to describe individuals who are descended from these original early settlers, along with people who are associated with Boer culture. With market stagnation and with slaves providing most of the manual labour in the colony, there were few economic opportunities for the burgeoning white population. Today, the Whites (Boers) of the Republic of South Africa rightfully consider themselves to be a permanent “established” racial group within the African nation; geo-politically rooted in a part of the continent which has in the course of more than four centuries become their … These are called “Boer Republics” and they, in turn, came into conflict with both southward-expanding Bantu tribes (most notably the Zulu, who were in the process of conquering other nearby Bantu tribes) and the British Empire. The Boers were hostile toward indigenous African peoples, with whom they fought frequent range wars, and toward the government of the Cape, which was attempting to control Boer movements and commerce. South African War They need a large area to dwell in because they do not cultivate crops. Apartheid was soon reestablished in South Africa, remained key to the country’s public policies throughout most of the 20th century, and was abolished in the 1990s only after global censure. Despite their reabsorption into the British colonial system subsequent to the war, the Afrikaners retained their language and culture and eventually attained politically the power they had failed to establish militarily. The predominantly agrarian society of the former Boer republics was profoundly and fundamentally affected by the scorched earthpolicy of Roberts and Kitchener. They overtly compared their way of life to that of the Hebrew patriarchs of the Bible, developing independent patriarchal communities based upon a mobile pastoralist economy. When the Boers initially arrive in South Africa, they thought new home was empty. Today, descendants of the Boers are commonly referred to as Afrikaners. The British recognised the independence of the South African Republic in 1852 and the Orange Free State in 1854. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Of course, no one knew that a war was on the horizon or what it would mean for the Burger Ponds…until it happened. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Immigration was encouraged for many years, and in 1707 the European population of Cape Colony stood at 1,779 individuals. Boer farms often had no enclosures; the farmhouse was surrounded by open pasture, a few fields of crops and maybe an orchard. Something never really covered by anybody. In 1867 the discovery of diamonds and gold in southern Africa set the stage for the South African War (1899–1902). In 1852 the British government agreed to recognize the independence of the settlers in the Transvaal (later the South African Republic) and in 1854 of those in the Vaal-Orange rivers area (later the Orange Free State). The Boers, also known as Afrikaners, were the descendants of the original Dutch settlers of southern Africa. Before South Africa became an intimate part of the imperial landscape, "the paper entertained no love and little respect for the Boers" (History 158). Eventually more than half of these people turned to the self-sufficient life of the trekboeren (literally “wandering farmers” but perhaps better translated as “dispersed ranchers”). In 1652 the Dutch East India Company charged Jan van Riebeeck with establishing a … Noté /5. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. In 1852, Boers founded the South African Republic (known as the “Transvaal Republic”) and then the Orange Free State in 1854. As a result it was looked down on as a kombuistaal (kitchen language) by the wealthier settlers who spoke High Dutch. In an 1884 editorial, the The first Boer War (1880‑81), however, made the newspaper realize "that the Transvaal was [more than] a mere 'petty Boer state' established upon native territory" (158). Today, descendants of the Boers are also referred to as ‘Afrikaners’ – a South African ethnic … Le pays est fondé à partir du regroupement des colonies du Cap, du Natal, du Transvaal et de l'Orange. Retrouvez History of the Emigrant Boers in South Africa: Or, the Wanderings and Wars of the Emigrant Farmers from Their Leaving the Cape Colony to the Acknowledgment of Their Independence by Great Britain et des millions de livres en stock sur Amazon.fr. Farmers fired shots and carried 'Boer Lives Matter' signs as they stormed a court in eastern South Africa on Tuesday where two suspects were to appear before … The Bantus attempted to fight for their land, but their spears were no match for the Europeans’ guns. Prospectors rushed to Johannesburg from all over the world, especially Europe. Eventually, these groups formed new colonies called the Orange Free State and the South African Republic or Transvaal. While the British viewed the Boers as a backward and stubborn people, the Boers strongly believed that their way of life, with its own language and staunch religious faith, had been ordained by God. The Second Boer War cast long shadows over the history of the South African region. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.
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